N.C.’s Transgender Skirmish Is Just the Latest in a Long History of Bathroom Freakouts

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Virginia, 1958 Eve Arnold/Magnum Photos

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The battle over public toilets in North Carolina is pretty much overflowing. Last week, the Justice Department threatened to sue the state, or strip some of its federal funding, if it did not scrap its divisive law barring transgender people from using bathrooms that match their gender identity. On Monday, North Carolina’s governor responded by suing the Justice Department, accusing it of “baseless and blatant overreach”—and of “being a bully.” The Obama administration promptly countersued, describing the restroom restrictions as “impermissibly discriminatory.” (And did you catch that speech by Attorney General Loretta Lynch?) If the feds make good on their threat, the University of North Carolina stands to lose more than $1.4 billion.

Why is everyone suddenly so fired up about bathrooms and gender? Well, it turns out this kind of blowout is nothing new. During the Victorian era, English women had to fight for access to public bathrooms, which were only available for men. During the civil rights era, efforts to block black Americans from public toilets sometimes turned violent. We looked back at some of the bathroom freakouts that have brought us to where we are today.

2nd century B.C.

Fubar Obfusco/Wikipedia

In Rome’s public latrines, men and women sit side by side on a marble slab, socializing as they do their business—and wiping with a shared sponge on a stick.

1739 A Parisian restaurant rolls out some of the first sex-segregated public toilets for a ball.
1878

Rose Adams of the Ladies Sanitary Association urges London church authorities to create public restrooms for women. Such facilities, she writes, would “help a class who naturally find it difficult to ask for public consideration in this matter, while experiencing grievous suffering.”

1887

To protect women and maintain “separate spheres,” Massachusetts mandates ladies’ rooms in the workplace. By 1920, 43 states require them.

Late 1800s

Jim Crow laws mandate “white only” and “colored only” bathrooms and drinking fountains in the South.

1917

Alfred Stieglitz

The French conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp submits a urinal on a pedestal for entry in an exhibition. The work is rejected. In 2002, a similar Duchamp urinal sells for nearly $1.2 million.

1941

White women protest after President Franklin Roosevelt signs an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in government jobs; they claim they might catch venereal diseases if forced to share toilets and towels with black women.

Post-WWII

Police departments intensify a crackdown on gay sex in public bathrooms, publicizing the names of men who get caught.

1954

Noting a flurry of sick notes excusing white girls from gym showers, a vice principal at Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas, concedes that the cause is “probably desegregation.”

1957

CBS/Getty Images

CBS refuses to air the pilot for Leave It to Beaver—in which Wally and the Beav hide a mail-order alligator in the tank of the family toilet—until the episode is scrubbed of shots of the toilet bowl.

1964

A top aide to President Lyndon Johnson is arrested for having oral sex with a man in a YMCA bathroom, resigning after word gets out. “I couldn’t have been more shocked,” Johnson says, “if I’d heard Lady Bird had tried to kill the pope.”

1966

A black student at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama is shot and killed by a gas station attendant after trying to use the “whites only” bathroom. Thousands take to the streets in protest.

1969

Pat Swinney/AP

Princeton University finally starts admitting female undergrads. Drastic measures are required at the university’s “co-ed” week.

1969

Walter Zeboski/AP

California Assemblywoman March Fong smashes a commode with a sledgehammer on the steps of the state Capitol to protest pay toilets, which are unfair to women, she says, because men get to use urinals for free.

1970s

Opponents of the doomed Equal Rights Amendment spread fears that it will lead to coed bathrooms. “Do you want the sexes fully integrated like the races?” an opposition pamphlet asks.

1973

Viewers hear TV’s very first toilet flush, courtesy of All in the Family‘s Archie Bunker.

1973

In his opening monologue, Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, based on erroneous information, jokes about “an acute shortage of toilet paper.” His viewers go on a buying binge, resulting in an actual shortage.

1981

The University of Massachusetts nixes coed bathrooms after parents complain about “the morality of things.” The Army does likewise after Stars and Stripes runs photos of American male and female troops in Europe grooming side by side.

1983

NASA/Glenn Research Center

CBS News’ Diane Sawyer asks Sally Ride, America’s first female astronaut, to show off the new privacy curtain on the space shuttle’s vacuum toilet.

1986

Health authorities assure a nervous public that people cannot catch AIDS from public toilet seats.

1990

In a case dubbed “Pottygate” by reporters, Denise Wells, 33, stands trial in Texas for using a men’s room at a concert venue to avoid long lines at the women’s room. She is acquitted, but not before hundreds of women offer to pay her fine.

1993

The Senate finally installs a ladies’ room on the legislative floor, but female House members won’t get their own bathroom until 2011.

1996

Pottygate II? A man sues the city of San Diego for $5.4 million, claiming he felt “violated” when a group of women entered the men’s room at a rock concert while he was using the urinal. A judge rules his suit “frivolous.”

1998

Gale Adler/FOX

The coed WC in the legal comedy Ally McBeal is “the most talked-about bathroom on TV,” writes USA Today. “I don’t think our clients are ready for that,” one real-life lawyer tells the Chicago Tribune. But the show ends up inspiring a slew of unisex bathrooms.

2000

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority spends $8,000 to turn a former porter’s closet into a bathroom for a transsexual employee.

2006

A former employee is convicted for secretly recording video of women and girls on the toilet in a unisex bathroom at New Mexico’s Department of Transportation.

2007

MPLS-St Paul Airport Police/ZUMA

Larry Craig, an Idaho senator with an anti-LGBT record, is arrested for allegedly soliciting sex in an airport men’s room. He pleads guilty to disorderly conduct but claims the whole thing was a misunderstanding: “I am not gay, I have never been gay.” He is allowed to finish his term but does not seek reelection.

2012

Chinese women commandeer men’s bathrooms to protest long wait times in women’s facilities. Their movement is dubbed “Occupy Men’s Toilets.”

2013

California passes a law that lets transgender students choose which school bathroom to use. GOP Assemblyman Tim Donnelly responds by pulling his 13-year-old son out of public school.

2014

Steve Helber/AP

Gavin Grimm, a transgender boy at Virginia’s Gloucester High School, uses the boys’ room without incident until the school board cracks down. The ACLU sues on the boy’s behalf—”It is important to me to live life like other boys do,” Grimm says—but loses. Two years later, a federal appeals court sides with Grimm, kicking the case back to a lower court for a rehearing.

March 2016

North Carolina passes a law restricting public-bathroom access to the sex listed on a person’s birth certificate. The legislation, a first, draws widespread condemnation. “There is absolutely no way to enforce this,” a Democratic state legislator tells Mother Jones. “It is an utterly ridiculous law.”

April 2016

Celebrity gossip site TMZ reports that crew members for Transparent, an Amazon TV drama about a transgender dad, are “up in arms” over the set’s gender-neutral bathrooms. (Amazon refuses to comment.)

April 2016

Lora Olive/ZUMA

After Donald Trump questions the need for the North Carolina law, his GOP rival pounces: “Donald said on television this morning that, gosh, men should be able to go into the girls’ bathroom if they want to,” Ted Cruz tells supporters. “Now let me ask you, have we gone stark raving nuts?”

May 2016

North Carolina sues the Justice Department for alleged overreach following the department’s threat to strip the state of federal funding if it lets the law stand. The feds quickly countersue. “State-sanctioned discrimination never looks good in hindsight,” Attorney General Loretta Lynch says in a speech. “It was not so very long ago that states, including North Carolina, had signs above restrooms, water fountains, and on public accommodations keeping people out based upon a distinction without a difference. We have moved beyond those dark days, but not without pain and suffering…Let us write a different story this time.”

May 2016

The Department of Education warns public schools across the country that they might lose federal funding if they block transgender kids from the bathroom of their choice. Twenty-three states later sue the Obama administration over this warning.

July 2016

The NBA announces that it’s pulling the 2017 All-Star Game from Charlotte, North Carolina, in protest over the state’s bathroom law.

August 2016

After a lower court gives Gavin Grimm, the transgender boy in Virginia, temporary permission to use the boys’ room at his school, the Supreme Court deals him another blow. The justices temporarily block him from the boys’ room while they decide whether to take up his case themselves.

August 2016

A federal judge in Texas issues a preliminary, nationwide injunction allowing schools to ignore the Obama administration’s warning over federal funding and bathroom access.

Fubar Obfusco/Wikipedia

2nd century B.C: In Rome’s public latrines, men and women sit side by side on a marble slab, socializing as they do their business—and wiping with a shared sponge on a stick.

1739: A Parisian restaurant rolls out some of the first sex-segregated public toilets for a ball.

1878: Rose Adams of the Ladies Sanitary Association urges London church authorities to create public restrooms for women. Such facilities, she writes, would “help a class who naturally find it difficult to ask for public consideration in this matter, while experiencing grievous suffering.”

1887: To protect women and maintain “separate spheres,” Massachusetts mandates ladies’ rooms in the workplace. By 1920, 43 states require them.

Late 1800s: Jim Crow laws mandate “white only” and “colored only” bathrooms and drinking fountains in the South.

Alfred Stieglitz

1917: The French conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp submits a urinal on a pedestal for entry in an exhibition. The work is rejected. In 2002, a similar Duchamp urinal sells for nearly $1.2 million.

1941: White women protest after President Franklin Roosevelt signs an executive order prohibiting racial discrimination in government jobs; they claim they might catch venereal diseases if forced to share toilets and towels with black women.

Post-WWII: Police departments intensify a crackdown on gay sex in public bathrooms, publicizing the names of men who get caught.

1954: Noting a flurry of sick notes excusing white girls from gym showers, a vice principal at Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas, concedes that the cause is “probably desegregation.”

CBS/Getty Images

1957: CBS refuses to air the pilot for Leave It to Beaver—in which Wally and the Beav hide a mail-order alligator in the tank of the family toilet—until the episode is scrubbed of shots of the toilet bowl.

1964: A top aide to President Lyndon Johnson is arrested for having oral sex with a man in a YMCA bathroom, resigning after word gets out. “I couldn’t have been more shocked,” Johnson says, “if I’d heard Lady Bird had tried to kill the pope.”

1966: A black student at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama is shot and killed by a gas station attendant after trying to use the “whites only” bathroom. Thousands take to the streets in protest.

Pat Swinney/AP

1969: Princeton University finally starts admitting female undergrads. Drastic measures are required at the university’s “co-ed” week.

Walter Zeboski/AP

1969: California Assemblywoman March Fong smashes a commode with a sledgehammer on the steps of the state Capitol to protest pay toilets, which are unfair to women, she says, because men get to use urinals for free.

1970s: Opponents of the doomed Equal Rights Amendment spread fears that it will lead to coed bathrooms. “Do you want the sexes fully integrated like the races?” an opposition pamphlet asks.

1973: Viewers hear TV’s very first toilet flush, courtesy of All in the Family‘s Archie Bunker.

1973: In his opening monologue, Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, based on erroneous information, jokes about “an acute shortage of toilet paper.” His viewers go on a buying binge, resulting in an actual shortage.

1981: The University of Massachusetts nixes coed bathrooms after parents complain about “the morality of things.” The Army does likewise after Stars and Stripes runs photos of American male and female troops in Europe grooming side by side.

NASA/Glenn Research Center

1983: CBS News’ Diane Sawyer asks Sally Ride, America’s first female astronaut, to show off the new privacy curtain on the space shuttle’s vacuum toilet.

1986: Health authorities assure a nervous public that people cannot catch AIDS from public toilet seats.

1990: In a case dubbed “Pottygate” by reporters, Denise Wells, 33, stands trial in Texas for using a men’s room at a concert venue to avoid long lines at the women’s room. She is acquitted, but not before hundreds of women offer to pay her fine.

1993: The Senate finally installs a ladies’ room on the legislative floor, but female House members won’t get their own bathroom until 2011.

1996: Pottygate II? A man sues the city of San Diego for $5.4 million, claiming he felt “violated” when a group of women entered the men’s room at a rock concert while he was using the urinal. A judge rules his suit “frivolous.”

Gale Adler/FOX

1998: The coed WC in the legal comedy Ally McBeal is “the most talked-about bathroom on TV,” writes USA Today. “I don’t think our clients are ready for that,” one real-life lawyer tells the Chicago Tribune. But the show ends up inspiring a slew of unisex bathrooms.

2000: The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority spends $8,000 to turn a former porter’s closet into a bathroom for a transsexual employee.

2006: A former employee is convicted for secretly recording video of women and girls on the toilet in a unisex bathroom at New Mexico’s Department of Transportation.

MPLS-St Paul Airport Police/ZUMA

2007: Larry Craig, an Idaho senator with an anti-LGBT record, is arrested for allegedly soliciting sex in an airport men’s room. He pleads guilty to disorderly conduct but claims the whole thing was a misunderstanding: “I am not gay, I have never been gay.” He is allowed to finish his term but does not seek reelection.

2012: Chinese women commandeer men’s bathrooms to protest long wait times in women’s facilities. Their movement is dubbed “Occupy Men’s Toilets.”

2013: California passes a law that lets transgender students choose which school bathroom to use. GOP Assemblyman Tim Donnelly responds by pulling his 13-year-old son out of public school.

Steve Helber/AP

2014: Gavin Grimm, a transgender boy at Virginia’s Gloucester High School, uses the boys’ room without incident until the school board cracks down. The ACLU sues on the boy’s behalf—”It is important to me to live life like other boys do,” Grimm says—but loses. Two years later, a federal appeals court sides with Grimm, kicking the case back to a lower court for a rehearing.

March 2016: North Carolina passes a law restricting public-bathroom access to the sex listed on a person’s birth certificate. The legislation, a first, draws widespread condemnation. “There is absolutely no way to enforce this,” a Democratic state legislator tells Mother Jones. “It is an utterly ridiculous law.”

April 2016: Celebrity gossip site TMZ reports that crew members for Transparent, an Amazon TV drama about a transgender dad, are “up in arms” over the set’s gender-neutral bathrooms. (Amazon refuses to comment.)

Lora Olive/ZUMA

April 2016: After Donald Trump questions the need for the North Carolina law, his GOP rival pounces: “Donald said on television this morning that, gosh, men should be able to go into the girls’ bathroom if they want to,” Ted Cruz tells supporters. “Now let me ask you, have we gone stark raving nuts?”

May 2016: North Carolina sues the Justice Department for alleged overreach following the department’s threat to strip the state of federal funding if it lets the law stand. The feds quickly countersue. “State-sanctioned discrimination never looks good in hindsight,” Attorney General Loretta Lynch says in a speech. “It was not so very long ago that states, including North Carolina, had signs above restrooms, water fountains, and on public accommodations keeping people out based upon a distinction without a difference. We have moved beyond those dark days, but not without pain and suffering…Let us write a different story this time.”

May 2016: The Department of Education warns public schools across the country that they might lose federal funding if they block transgender kids from the bathroom of their choice. Twenty-three states later sue the Obama administration over this warning.

July 2016: The NBA announces that it’s pulling the 2017 All-Star Game from Charlotte, North Carolina, in protest over the state’s bathroom law.

August 2016: After a lower court gives Gavin Grimm, the transgender boy in Virginia, temporary permission to use the boys’ room at his school, the Supreme Court deals him another blow. The justices temporarily block him from the boys’ room while they decide whether to take up his case themselves.

August 2016: A federal judge in Texas issues a preliminary nationwide injunction allowing schools to ignore the Obama administration’s warning over federal funding and bathroom access.

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WE'LL BE BLUNT

It is astonishingly hard keeping a newsroom afloat these days, and we need to raise $253,000 in online donations quickly, by October 7.

The short of it: Last year, we had to cut $1 million from our budget so we could have any chance of breaking even by the time our fiscal year ended in June. And despite a huge rally from so many of you leading up to the deadline, we still came up a bit short on the whole. We can’t let that happen again. We have no wiggle room to begin with, and now we have a hole to dig out of.

Readers also told us to just give it to you straight when we need to ask for your support, and seeing how matter-of-factly explaining our inner workings, our challenges and finances, can bring more of you in has been a real silver lining. So our online membership lead, Brian, lays it all out for you in his personal, insider account (that literally puts his skin in the game!) of how urgent things are right now.

The upshot: Being able to rally $253,000 in donations over these next few weeks is vitally important simply because it is the number that keeps us right on track, helping make sure we don't end up with a bigger gap than can be filled again, helping us avoid any significant (and knowable) cash-flow crunches for now. We used to be more nonchalant about coming up short this time of year, thinking we can make it by the time June rolls around. Not anymore.

Because the in-depth journalism on underreported beats and unique perspectives on the daily news you turn to Mother Jones for is only possible because readers fund us. Corporations and powerful people with deep pockets will never sustain the type of journalism we exist to do. The only investors who won’t let independent, investigative journalism down are the people who actually care about its future—you.

And we need readers to show up for us big time—again.

Getting just 10 percent of the people who care enough about our work to be reading this blurb to part with a few bucks would be utterly transformative for us, and that's very much what we need to keep charging hard in this financially uncertain, high-stakes year.

If you can right now, please support the journalism you get from Mother Jones with a donation at whatever amount works for you. And please do it now, before you move on to whatever you're about to do next and think maybe you'll get to it later, because every gift matters and we really need to see a strong response if we're going to raise the $253,000 we need in less than three weeks.

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